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How COVID-19 Has Affected Central Authorities Around the World
Posted October 14, 2020 in Uncategorized
This post was originally published on the Legal Language Services blog on July 30, 2020. Written by LLS senior consultant, Tom McLean, Esq., it explores how COVID-19 has impacted service of process via Central Authorities across the world through the lens of Convergen Energy v. Brooks, an August 2020 case brought before the Southern District of New York.
Also of interest to our membership in CALSPRO is the reference in the blog post to our ongoing issue in California as to whether or not service by email (in this instance outside the US) is legally correct.
If you have questions about the blog post, you can post them on the Legal Language website HERE. LLS welcomes the opportunity to respond.
Central Authorities (CAs), like all businesses and governmental organizations, have been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Italian CA was down for about two months; the UK CA was down for approximately six weeks in March and April; and the Canadian provincial CAs were closed until August of 2020.
But this is not to say that just because a CA office was/is closed one cannot effect service.
On the contrary, with the possible exception of Italy and some Caribbean nations, it is our experience that international service under the Hague Convention was possible in most countries even during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Moreover, alternative means of service are available. (Those interested in a step-by-step discussion of how to effect service by alternative means may refer to our previous post linked herein).
It is this tension between a closed or partially closed office and the possibility of effective service of process that is at the heart of the case we’re reviewing today.
In Convergen Energy v. Brooks, the Southern District of New York examined the impact of COVID-19’s shut down of the Spanish Central Authority and the appropriateness of service by alternative means.
Note: At the outset, please be aware that this case is poorly written. It is not clear if the Plaintiff actually sent a request for service to the Spanish Central Authority. The latter may be a reflection of internal dislocations on the part of the Plaintiff, but this is pure speculation.
Overview of the Case
Convergen Energy is a case concerning an alleged fraudulent transaction. The Spanish Defendants are named in this action because, according to Plaintiffs, they were co-investors… After bringing this action, on May 18, 2020, a paralegal for Plaintiffs’ counsel emailed Spain’s Central Authority (the “Central Authority”), asking whether the Central Authority was accepting requests for service and anticipated any delays given that Plaintiffs were looking to effect service via the Hague Convention. The next day, Plaintiffs received the following response from the Head of Civil Legal Aid Service for the Central Authority: Spain’s Central Authority will not be able to ensure the processing of every request received for the duration of this exceptional situation. Legal proceedings are currently limited in Spain; therefore, only urgent requests, with due accreditation of said urgency, that have been electronically filed will be processed.
Plaintiff Seeks Alternative Method of Service
Given the Spanish Central Authority’s response to the Plaintiff, the Plaintiff sought to serve all of the Spanish Defendants by email and by postal channels, arguing that it is currently “impossible to serve the Spanish [Defendants] through the Central Authority in Spain per the Hague Convention.”
But was this permitted in this instance?
In Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Schlunk, the SCOTUS held that all service abroad, where –as here — service is to a Hague Service Convention country and the Defendant(s)’ address is known, must be pursuant to the Convention.
In determining whether to issue an order permitting alternative service under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f)(3), the Court engages in a three-part analysis to determine whether: (1) the proposed alternative method of service is prohibited by “federal law,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f), (2) the proposed method of service is “prohibited by international agreement,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f)(3), and (3) assuming that the first two criteria are satisfied, whether the Court, in the exercise of its discretion, should permit alternative service. Finally, the Court considers whether the proposed method of service is sufficient to satisfy constitutional due process under Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950).
Court Relies on Peifa Xu to State its Case
The court started its opinion by addressing the third factor first. The court quoted Peifa Xu v. Gridsum Holding, 2020 WL 1508748, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2020), “[t]here is no strict requirement that a plaintiff pursue service through an international agreement before asking a court’s assistance in ordering alternative service, and the decision of whether to allow that service is committed to the sound discretion of the district court.”
This statement clearly does not square with the VolkswagenwerkAktiengesellschaft decision and, a few sentences later, the court further compounds the problem as follows:
Before addressing alternative service in subsection (3), that Rule provides in subsection (1) that service can be effected “by any internationally agreed means of service that is reasonably calculated to give notice,” and in subsection (2), that “if there is no internationally agreed means, or if an international agreement allows but does not specify other means, by a method that is reasonably calculated to give notice.” Each is of equal dignity and, in particular, the Rule does not require a party to exhaust efforts to serve pursuant to Rules 4(f)(1) or 4(f)(2) before seeing an order under Rule 4(f)(3).
After making comments concerning comity and exhaustion of service attempts, the court stated that all the Plaintiff really need demonstrate to obtain alternative service, is “(1) a showing that the plaintiff has reasonably attempted to effectuate service on the defendant, and (2) a showing that the circumstances are such that the court’s intervention is necessary.”
Then, in the middle of the opinion, the court for the first time seems to assert that the Plaintiff had done more than merely contact the Spanish CA:
Plaintiffs state they have “begun the process of serving through the Central Authority.” However, the exigencies of COVID and the Central Authority’s response that it “will not be able to ensure the processing of every request received for the duration of this exception situation” and that only “urgent requests, with due accreditation of said urgency” suggests service through the Central Authority is unlikely to be effected any time soon, if at all. They did not receive a response, but still submitted a formal request to serve [the Spanish Defendants].
What Does “Any Time Soon” Really Mean?
Assuming a formal request for service was indeed made, it is necessary to place the phrase “any time soon” in context.
In a COVID-free world, once the Spanish Central Authority receives a request for service it will take the Spanish CA and judicial system 2.5-3.5 months to effect service. The Spanish Central Authority will not issue a proof of service for an additional 2.5-3.5 months.
And then there is the issue of August. Because of the heat in August, everything in Spain (and most of Europe) shuts down for the duration of the month. This is a long way of saying that, even in the best of times, the Spanish Central Authority will not be effecting service on anyone “any time soon.”
Returning to the opinion, and given the exigencies of the COVID-19 pandemic, the court then stated: Reviewing the proposed methods of alternative service, the Court recognizes that the Spanish Defendants have “actual notice of this action and, thus, as a practical matter, the purpose of the service requirement has already been accomplished.” But courts have “requir[ed] service anew, even if a defendant has notice of the pendency of the action,” and this Court has a similar responsibility to ensure that any alternative method of service that is ordered provides a defendant with formal notice and thus comports with constitutional due process. Accordingly, the Court engages in that analysis here.
So, by this point it is clear that the court is going to grant service by alternative means.
Court Grants Plaintiff’s Request for Service via Post
The court then discussed service by post to Spain and concluded that it is, in fact, allowed.
However, before this Court can authorize such service, it must determine that it comports with due process. “Constitutional notions of due process require that any means of service be ‘reasonably calculated, under all circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.'” Plaintiffs represent that they have located addresses for the Spanish Individual Defendants and that their accuracy is not at issue. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ request to serve the Spanish Individual Defendants by postal channels under Rule 4(f)(3) is granted.
Court Grants Plaintiff’s Request for Service via Email
The court then discussed service of process to Spain via email. Readers of the Legal Language blog are aware that international service of process to Hague Service Convention countries via email is controversial and that our opinion is that such service is not proper.
Nonetheless, the court advocated a position found in many pro-email service opinions: But Plaintiffs do not need to demonstrate that email is authorized by the Hague Convention or by Spanish law to seek relief under Rule 4(f)(3). They must simply allege that such service is not prohibited by international agreement. And the Spanish Individual Defendants have not argued that email is prohibited by the Hague Convention or other international agreement.
This statement is both true and false.
It is true that the Hague Service Convention is silent on email – it should be because the Convention was enacted decades before the existence of email.
But it also false because where the Hague Convention is applicable it must be used.
The only way the Convention becomes not applicable for service to a Hague country, is after due diligence has been exercised and an address for service is not available or found. We are not aware of any opinion where a court has authorized service by alternative means without a first failed attempt at Hague service.
Despite these rules, the court granted service by email upon one of the Spanish defendants.
Our Key Takeaways
In addition to the comments made above, here are some glaring technical points not addressed by the court:
- Because Spain has “no opposition” to mail service from the US, this is not alternative service – it is Hague Service pursuant to Article 10(a).
- The court does not discuss service by a procurador, aka Hague Service pursuant to Article 10(b). (There is no equivalent position to a procurador in the United States. However, if you think of a procurador as an attorney who has not passed the bar, you would not be far off in your understanding of the position of a procurador.) Under Spanish law, procuradors are allowed to provide limited legal service including effecting service of process. Importantly, procuradors can effect service in as little as three weeks’ time.
- If the Plaintiffs have addresses for service of process, then there is no reason for email service to be authorized when service could have been effected by a procurador or by post.
- We are certain that service by a procurador was possible in Spain while the Central Authority was “down” due to COVID-19 restrictions. We know this because we arranged such service at just about the same time the Plaintiff in this case contacted the Spanish Central Authority.
Serving Process in Spain? LLS Can Help!
International service of process is complex and should never be attempted without the help of experienced professionals.
At LLS, we have more than 35 years of experience effecting service in 90+ countries. We can advise you on exactly how your Hague Service Request should be prepared, how it will travel through the foreign judicial system, and what potential pitfalls it may encounter along the way.
Contact LLS today to learn more about how we can assist you. And for more up-to-date information on service of process, sign up for In Brief, Legal Language Service’s bi-monthly newsletter.
